Eczema types: Atopic dermatitis diagnosis and treatment

Dermatologists recommend moisturizer for everyone who has atopic dermatitis

Keeping your skin well moisturized helps to prevent cracks and fissures in your skin that could lead to a worsening rash, itching, or infection.

How do dermatologists diagnose atopic dermatitis?

To diagnose atopic dermatitis, also called eczema, a board-certified dermatologist carefully examines your (or your child’s) skin and asks questions.

Before your appointment: It’s helpful to find the answers to the following questions:

• Do any of your blood relatives have atopic dermatitis, asthma, or hay fever?

• What are your (your child’s) symptoms?

• When did the symptoms begin?

• Does anything make the symptoms worse or better?

• Where do signs, such as rashes or dryness and itch, appear on your (your child's) skin?

Having the answers to these questions provides your dermatologist with important information. Atopic dermatitis tends to wax and wane, so your skin may not be at its worst when you see your dermatologist, and that’s okay.

A skin exam along with information about your health and symptoms may be all your dermatologist needs to give you a diagnosis. Sometimes, a skin biopsy is required to make sure you have atopic dermatitis.

A skin biopsy can also help your dermatologist select the best treatment.

How do dermatologists treat atopic dermatitis?

This condition cannot be cured, but proper treatment can control it. A treatment plan created by a board-certified dermatologist can help:

• Reduce flare-ups.

• Ease symptoms, such as itch and pain.

• Prevent atopic dermatitis from worsening.

• Decrease your risk of developing thickened skin, which tends to itch all the time.

• Keep your skin hydrated.

• Lower your risk of infection.

While a dermatologist tailors each treatment plan to a patient’s individual needs, most treatment plans include one or more of the following:

Skin care: A skin care plan for atopic dermatitis involves:

• Bathing

• Applying moisturizer

• Being gentle with your skin

Your dermatologist will explain how to use baths and moisturizers to help heal your skin.

Occasionally, dermatologists recommend wet wrap therapy. If this is recommended, you would:

• Apply moisturizer or medication to the skin with atopic dermatitis.

• Wrap the treated skin in a layer of wet bandages or damp, tight-fitting pajamas.

• Place dry bandages or pajamas over the wet layer.

Wet wrap therapy can help the skin absorb medication and keep the skin hydrated. This, in turn, can reduce flare-ups. The wraps also protect the skin from scratching.

If wet wrap therapy is right for you, your dermatologist will create an individualized wet wrap routine.

Trigger management: Atopic dermatitis can make the skin very sensitive and very reactive. Things that your skin touches can cause flare-ups. Anything that causes atopic dermatitis to flare is known as a trigger.

Different people have different triggers. If you can find your triggers and avoid them, this can help reduce flare-ups. Keep in mind that some people may not be able to find specific triggers.

Common triggers include skin care products, weather (cold or hot), wool clothing, stress, perfumes, and washing clothes in laundry detergent that contains fragrance.

Your dermatologist can help you figure out your triggers. To learn more about triggers, go to: Eczema triggers.

Medication applied to the skin: When used with the right skin care and trigger management, many people can control atopic dermatitis with medication that they apply to their skin. When this is part of your treatment plan, you may apply one or more of the following:

• A corticosteroid (cream, ointment, or other form that you apply to your skin): Many treatment plans include this type of medication, which can quickly relieve symptoms. To learn more, go to Eczema treatment: Corticosteroids applied to the skin.

• Pimecrolimus cream or tacrolimus ointment: Also known as topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs), your dermatologist may prescribe one of these medications if corticosteroids stop working, fail to work, or are not a good option for you. To find out more, go to: Eczema treatment: Topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs).

  • Brand names: Elidel (pimecrolimus cream), Protopic (tacrolimus ointment)

• Crisaborole ointment: Approved to treat patients 3 months of age or older, crisaborole can be used on many areas of the skin. To learn more, go to: Eczema treatment: Crisaborole ointment.

  • Brand name: Eucrisa

• Ruxolitinib cream: This medication is approved to treat patients 12 years of age or older, who have mild to moderate atopic dermatitis. To find out more, go to: JAK inhibitors: What your dermatologist wants you to know.

  • Brand name: Opzelura

• Roflumilast cream: This medication can rapidly reduce the itch and other symptoms. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved it to treat patients 6 years of age and older who have mild to moderate atopic dermatitis. Some say that it doesn’t sting or burn when applied.
  
  Roflumilast can be applied anywhere on the skin for as long as needed. It's typically applied to skin with atopic dermatitis once a day.
  
  The most common side effects include headache, feeling sick to your stomach (nausea), and pain where the medication has been applied.

  • Brand name: Zoryve

• Tapinarof cream: This cream can provide rapid relief from itch, sometimes in 24 hours, and help clear skin with atopic dermatitis. This medication is approved to treat patients 2 years of age and older who have mild, moderate, or severe atopic dermatitis.
  
  This cream can be applied anywhere on the skin for as long as needed. It’s generally applied to the skin with atopic dermatitis once a day.
  
  The most common side effects include a respiratory tract infection, inflamed hair follicles in the skin (folliculitis), and headache.

  • Brand name: Vtama

Applying medication to your skin as directed can improve your skin’s ability to keep out germs and everyday substances that can irritate it. This means fewer flare-ups. The medication should also improve your skin’s ability to lock in moisture, so you’ll have fewer cracks and fissures.

Research breakthroughs are giving patients with atopic dermatitis new ways to treat this condition.

While medication you apply to your skin helps many patients, some people need different treatments. If medication you apply to your skin is not effective, your dermatologist may prescribe light therapy or a medication that works throughout the body.

Light therapy: This treatment uses special light bulbs or a laser. It can safely and effectively treat atopic dermatitis, even in children.

To receive light therapy, you’ll go to a dermatologist’s office, hospital, or phototherapy treatment center. Some patients may have the option of using a light device at home.

For light therapy to be effective, you’ll need 2 to 3 treatments per week for the amount of time prescribed by your dermatologist. If your dermatologist recommends a type of light therapy called phototherapy, this often means going to the treatment center 2 to 3 times per week for at least a few months.

Should you find it difficult to keep these appointments, tell your dermatologist. Don’t try tanning beds, sunlamps, or sitting in the sun. If you get overheated or sunburned, you can have a flare-up. You can also damage your skin and increase your risk of developing skin cancer.

Medication that works throughout your body: Thanks to research breakthroughs made by dermatologists and other scientists, people with atopic dermatitis now have systemic (works throughout the body) treatments that have been approved by the FDA. The first such treatment was approved in 2017.

These FDA-approved treatments help people with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis see clearer skin and get relief from the itch. Systemic medications approved to treat atopic dermatitis include:

• Dupilumab: This medication is a biologic. It’s FDA-approved to treat people 6 months of age or older who have moderate or severe atopic dermatitis that isn’t well controlled with medication applied to the skin.
  
  Dupilumab works by reducing inflammation that is thought to lead to atopic dermatitis flares. It doesn’t suppress the immune system, so it doesn’t increase the risk of developing a serious infection like tuberculosis (TB).
  
  In the studies that led to FDA approval of dupilumab, the most common side effects were mild. They included reactions where the medication was injected, inflamed eyes (red and itchy) eyelids, and cold sores.
  
  While people who have atopic dermatitis have a higher risk of developing skin infections, adults, teens, and children taking dupilumab had a reduced risk in clinical trials.
  
  Dupilumab is given as an injection just beneath the skin. You may be taught how to inject this medication so that you can treat yourself or your child at home. Children under 12 years of age should be given these injections by a caregiver or receive them in a doctor’s office.

  • Brand name: Dupixent

• Abrocitinib and upadacitinib: These medications are called JAK inhibitors. They work by reducing the inflammation that’s believed to cause atopic dermatitis.
  
  Both abrocitinib and upadacitinib are FDA-approved to treat moderate to severe atopic dermatitis when other treatments fail to work.
  
  Both of these JAK inhibitors come in pill form and are usually taken once a day.
  
  To learn more about these medications, go to: JAK inhibitors: What your dermatologist wants you to know.

  • Brand names: Cibinqo (abrocitinib), Rinvoq (upadacitinib)

If your dermatologist prescribes a medication that you can inject at home, you’ll be taught how to inject it

This will allow you to feel confident that you can safely inject your child or yourself.

• Lebrikizumab-lbkz and tralokinumab-ldrm: These medications are biologics. Both are FDA-approved to treat people 12 years of age or older who have moderate or severe atopic dermatitis that isn’t well controlled with medication applied to the skin. To be eligible for one of these medications, a child must weigh at least 88 pounds.
  
  These medications are referred to as IL-13 inhibitors. That’s because these medications work by blocking the effects of IL-13 — a protein in your body that contributes to the inflamed skin and damaged outer layer of skin that atopic dermatitis causes.
  
  Both medications work to clear the skin and reduce itch.
  
  Common side effects are conjunctivitis, which causes inflamed (red and itchy) eyes, and a skin reaction where the medication was injected.
  
  These medications are given as an injection just beneath the skin. If one of these medications is prescribed, you’ll be taught when and how to inject so that you can treat yourself or your child at home.

  • Brand names: Ebglyss (lebrikizumab-lbkz), Adbry (tralokinumab-ldrm)

• Nemolizumab-ilto: This biologic medication is approved to treat people 12 years of age and older who have moderate to severe atopic dermatitis that isn’t well controlled with medication applied to the skin. It’s sometimes prescribed along with a corticosteroid you apply to the skin, pimecrolimus cream, or tacrolimus ointment. This combination can effectively treat severe itch and help clear the skin.
  
  Some patients have noticeable relief from the itch within the first week.
  
  Nemolizumab-ilto is a medication that’s injected. It’s injected just under the skin using an injector pen.
  
  If your dermatologist prescribes nemolizumab-ilto, you’ll be taught when and how to inject it, so you can treat yourself or your child at home.
  
  If you are applying medication to the skin along with injecting nemolizumab-ilto, you can stop applying the medication once the atopic dermatitis is under control. You’ll continue to inject nemolizumab-ilto once every 4 weeks.
  
  Common side effects of nemolizumab-ilto include headache, joint pain, and hives.

  • Brand name: Nemluvio

Before the above medications were available, patients who needed treatment that works throughout the body were treated with medications that could suppress the immune system. Today, this is still the preferred treatment for some patients. These medications include:

• Azathioprine

• Cyclosporine

• Methotrexate

• Mycophenolate mofetil

How dermatologists treat a skin infection

People who have atopic dermatitis are more prone to skin infections. If you or your child develops an infection, your dermatologist may prescribe:

• An antimicrobial: This medication helps treat the infection as quickly as possible and prevent it from spreading. Your dermatologist may prescribe an antimicrobial that you apply to the skin or take by mouth. Use this medication exactly as prescribed.
  
  While an antimicrobial can treat the infection, it cannot treat atopic dermatitis.

• Bleach-bath therapy: Adding a small amount of bleach to a bath, such as one teaspoon of bleach per gallon of water to a toddler tub, may reduce bacteria and inflammation on the skin. Decreasing both can reduce symptoms.
  
  Only use this treatment if your dermatologist recommends it.

What is the outcome for someone who has atopic dermatitis?

By partnering with a board-certified dermatologist, you can control atopic dermatitis. With control, it’s possible to relieve the extremely dry skin, alleviate the itch, see clearer skin, and reduce flare-ups.

Sometimes, it takes trying a few different medications or light treatments to find the one that works best for you.

To get the best possible results from treatment, dermatologists recommend that you also practice eczema-friendly skin care. To see the skin care that dermatologists recommend, go to: Atopic dermatitis: Skin care.

Images
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References
Blauvelt A, Silverberg JI, et al. “Abrocitinib induction, randomized withdrawal, and retreatment in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: Results from the JAK1 Atopic Dermatitis Efficacy and Safety (JADE) REGIMEN phase 3 trial.” J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022;86(1):104-12.

Blauvelt A, Thyssen JP, et al. “Efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab in moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: 52-week results of two randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled phase III trials.” Br J Dermatol. 2023 May 24;188(6):740-8.

Cather J, Young M, et al. “A review of phase 3 trials of dupilumab for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adults, adolescents, and children aged 6 and up.” Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022 Sep;12(9):2013-38.

Deleuran M, Thaçi D, et. al. “Dupilumab shows long-term safety and efficacy in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis enrolled in a phase 3 open-label extension study.” J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Feb;82(2):377-88.

Eichenfield L, Boguniewicz M, et al. “P284: Once-daily roflumilast cream 0.15% for atopic dermatitis: Polled results: From INTEGUMENT-1/2 phase 3 trials.” Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2023 Nov;131(5): Suppl 1, S91.

Newsom M, Bashyam AM, et al. “New and emerging systemic treatments for atopic dermatitis.” Drugs. 2020 Jul;80(11):1041-52.

Paller AS, Butala S, et al. “Treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema).” UpToDate. Last updated: 6/5/2024. Last accessed: 8/2/2024.

Silverberg JI, Eichenfield LF, et al. “Tapinarof cream 1% once daily: Significant efficacy in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in adults and children down to 2 years of age in the pivotal phase 3 ADORING trials.” J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024 Sep;91(3):457-65.

Simpson EL, Leung DYM, et al. “Atopic dermatitis.” In: Kang S, et al. Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology. (ninth edition) McGraw Hill Education, United States of America, 2019:363-84.

Simpson EL, Papp KA, et al. “Efficacy and safety of upadacitinib in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: Analysis of follow-up data from the Measure Up 1 and Measure Up 2 randomized clinical trials.” JAMA Dermatol. 2022;158(4):404-13.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, package inserts:

• Lebrikizumab (revised 9/2024). Last accessed 10/3/2024.

• Nemolizumab-ilto (revised 12/2024). Last accessed 2/3/2025.

• Roflumilast cream .015% (revised 7/2024). Last accessed 2/3/2025.

• Tralokinumab (revised 12/2023). Last accessed 10/3/2024.

Wollenberg A, Blauvelt A, et al. “ECZTRA 1 and ECZTRA 2 study investigators. Tralokinumab for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: Results from two 52-week, randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase III trials (ECZTRA 1 and ECZTRA 2).” Br J Dermatol. 2021 Mar;184(3):437-49.

Written by:
Paula Ludmann, MS

Reviewed by:
DiAnne Davis, MD, FAAD
Elisa Gallo, MD, FAAD
Shari Lipner, MD, PhD, FAAD

Last updated: 3/5/25